NixOS(Gnome)安装及配置指南

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参考链接

NixOS Manual
NixOS_Wiki
NixOS_Search

笔者配置仓库

这篇文章已过时

进入NixOS的LiveCD, 连接网络

可以使用手机网络共享然后无线连接

配置代理

nix-env -iA v2ray v2raya
v2ray run
sudo v2raya

然后进入127.0.0.1:2017导入代理配置

使用cfdisk进行系统分区

sudo -i # 注意：以下操作全部在root用户下进行
lsblk
cfdisk /dev/sda

mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda3
mkfs.vfat /dev/sda1
mkswap /dev/sda2
swapon /dev/sda2
mount /dev/sda3 /mnt
mount --mkdir /dev/sda1 /mnt/boot

这些步骤跟安装archlinux完全一样, 并使用GUID分区表和UEFI启动方式

安装系统

nixos-generate-config --root /mnt
gnome-text-editor /mnt/etc/nixos/configuration.nix

用户名以yoimiya为例, 主机名默认即可

示例配置:

{
  config,
  lib,
  pkgs,
  ...
}:
{
  imports = [
    # Include the results of the hardware scan.
    ./hardware-configuration.nix
  ];

  # Use the systemd-boot EFI boot loader.
  boot.loader.systemd-boot.enable = true;
  boot.loader.efi.canTouchEfiVariables = true;

  networking.hostName = "nixos"; # Define your hostname.
  # Pick only one of the below networking options.
  # networking.wireless.enable = true;  # Enables wireless support via wpa_supplicant.
  networking.networkmanager.enable = true; # Easiest to use and most distros use this by default.

  # Set your time zone.
  time.timeZone = "Asia/Shanghai";

  services.xserver.videoDrivers = [ "modesetting" ];

  # Select internationalisation properties.
  i18n.defaultLocale = "en_US.UTF-8";

  # Enable the X11 windowing system.
  services.xserver.enable = true;

  nixpkgs.config = {
    allowUnfree = true;
  };

  # Enable the GNOME Desktop Environment.
  services.xserver.displayManager.gdm.enable = true;
  services.xserver.desktopManager.gnome.enable = true;

  # Configure keymap in X11
  services.xserver.xkb.layout = "us";
  # services.xserver.xkb.options = "eurosign:e,caps:escape";

  # Enable CUPS to print documents.
  services.printing.enable = true;

  # Enable sound.
  hardware.pulseaudio.enable = true;

  # Enable touchpad support (enabled default in most desktopManager).
  services.libinput.enable = true;

  programs.firefox.enable = true;
  programs.firefox.wrapperConfig = {
    pipewireSupport = true;
  };

  # Define a user account. Don't forget to set a password with ‘passwd’.
  users.users.yoimiya = {
    isNormalUser = true;
    createHome = true;
    home = "/home/yoimiya";
    extraGroups = [
      "wheel"
      "networkmanager"
    ]; # Enable ‘sudo’ for the user.
    packages = with pkgs; [
      tree
    ];
  };

  environment.systemPackages = with pkgs; [
    vim # Do not forget to add an editor to edit configuration.nix! The Nano editor is also installed by default.
    wget
    v2ray
    v2raya
  ];

  system.stateVersion = "24.05"; # Did you read the comment?
}

保存退出后安装系统

nixos-install

安装完成后会要求设置root密码，然后使用

nixos-enter --root /mnt -c 'passwd yoimiya'

设置用户密码。设置完成后重启电脑，进入新系统

情况一、QEMU/KVM虚拟机的配置

v2ray run
sudo v2raya

从此处获得示例虚拟机配置, 编辑/etc/nixos/configuration.nix,
然后输入sudo nixos-rebuild switch一键配置更新系统，重启后输入sudo nix-collect-garbage -d清理旧镜像

情况二、NVIDIA显卡实体机配置

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警告

在使用笔者的配置之前，确保你理解了配置文件的每一句话，并根据实际情况作了修改

克隆配置仓库

nix-shell -p git --command "git clone https://github.com/Rukkhadevata123/nixos-config"

安装Windows字体

cd ~/nixos-config
mkdir ~/.local/share/fonts
cp fonts/*.ttf ~/.local/share/fonts/
fc-cache -fv

安装农历依赖

cd ~/nixos-config
nix-shell -p unzip --command "unzip ChineseCalendar.zip"
cd ChineseCalendar
chmod +x install.sh
./install.sh

配置zsh

cd ~/nixos-config
cp zshrc ~/.zshrc

安装主配置文件(根据实际情况修改，请仔细阅读配置的每一行)

cd ~/nixos-config
sudo cp configuration_nvidia.nix /etc/nixos/configuration.nix && cp home.nix /etc/nixos/home.nix

更新系统配置, 换成Unstable通道

sudo nix-channel --add https://channels.nixos.org/nixos-unstable nixos
nixos-rebuild switch --upgrade --use-remote-sudo

如果出错, 可以尝试sudo systemctl stop nixos-rebuild-switch-to-configuration.service

重启到新系统, 清理垃圾

sudo nix-collect-garbage -d
bleachbit # 可选

配置新系统

关于Gnome桌面环境的配置此处省略, 可看Manjaro那篇文章

补充说明

• 实体机安装的是linux-zen内核

• 下列配置使用nix-shell可以使用clang工具链, 以及Qt应用程序开发:

  with import <nixpkgs> {
    config = {
      allowUnfree = true;
    };
  };
  let
    gccForLibs = stdenv.cc.cc;
  in
  stdenv.mkDerivation {
    name = "llvm-env";
    buildInputs = [
      # clang
    ];
  
    CPLUS_INCLUDE_PATH = "${gccForLibs}/include/c++/${gccForLibs.version}:${gccForLibs}/include/c++/${gccForLibs.version}/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu:${gccForLibs}/lib/gcc/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/${gccForLibs.version}/include:${stdenv.cc.libc.dev}/include";
    QT_QPA_PLATFORM_PLUGIN_PATH = "${libsForQt5.qt5.qtbase}/lib/qt-${libsForQt5.qt5.qtbase.version}/plugins/platforms";
    shellHook = ''
      echo ${libsForQt5.qt5.qtbase.version};
    '';
  }

• 关于Pycharm无法使用的问题, 手动导入环境变量, 先在终端运行, 然后把完整文本路径导入Pycharm对应位置(不是直接把下面的命令导入Pycharm):

  export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$(find /nix/store -type d -name '*steam-run-fhs*' -exec echo -n {}'/usr/lib32:'{}'/usr/lib64:' \;)

  IDEA也是一样。如果要使用JavaFx则导入LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/home/yoimiya/javafx-sdk-21.0.5/lib:/nix/store/haci0d018njygwdga95bsbx8ww2iswy7-zlib-1.3.1/lib:/usr/java/packages/lib:/usr/lib64:/lib64:/lib:/usr/lib:/nix/store/qqfyfd3zq9jqyk9cibz72ir2ws9znl5a-steam-run-fhs/usr/lib32:/nix/store/qqfyfd3zq9jqyk9cibz72ir2ws9znl5a-steam-run-fhs/usr/lib64，
  对于虚拟机选项，导入--module-path "/home/yoimiya/javafx-sdk-21.0.5/lib" --add-modules javafx.controls,javafx.fxml

• Gnome的新终端Console可以用命令kgx --tab打开

• nix-shell -p ncurses5 flex bison elfutils openssl此配置可以用于内核编译

• nix-shell -p gtk4 gtk3 pkg-config此配置用于rust-gtk开发